Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of Senior Citizens - 1718 Words

We live in a world where stereotypes tend to affect the way society sees some people. There are many stereotypes about every ethnicities characteristic. What is a stereotype? Well a stereotype is an idea that people have about a group or thing that may be untrue or true. Many confuse the word clichà © and stereotype since they have a bit of similarities. They both come from French and have a negative meaning to its definition. Clichà © is used as an expression that is overly used with no originality to it and stereotypes tend to be the same but have more negativity towards its phrases. In America, I have heard plenty of stereotypes whether it being about Mexicans, Asians, or African Americans. I have recently started to hear stereotypes of†¦show more content†¦Hassell and Pamela L. Perrewe who both work in the department of Management. This article examines the beliefs about older workers and focuses more on the relationship of the individuals. Their study considered the i nteractions, demographic variables (gender, educational level, ethnicity, income level) and the position of the individual who looks over the employees towards the older workers. This article mentions how older people hold a positive outlook when applying for a job but it did also say that the younger people have a much more outlook on the older people. Numbers show otherwise since older workers have filed lawsuits due to the discrimination that some have encountered when applying for a job. The numbers have continued to rise but since the average age has increased in the work industry many companies will realize that employing older workers is key due to their experiences and knowledge they have gained from previous jobs. The author makes a claim that the more experienced older workers may overcome the stereotype that is labeled on them. If more companies tend to hire older workers and not fall into the stereotypes that many employers believe in, then it will be outdated. The stere otype being outdated can lead to a more truthful perception about older workers. There have been three studies from Britton and Thomas that perceived older workers to be lessShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Senior Citizens1765 Words   |  8 Pagesa few people. There are many stereotypes and generalizations about each ethnicity trademark. What is a stereotype? Well a stereotype is an idea that people have about a group or thing that may be false or genuine. Many befuddle the word clichà © and stereotype since they have a touch of likenesses. They both originate from French and have a negative meaning to its definition. Clichà © is used as an expression that is overly used with no originality to it and stereotypes tend to be the same but have moreRead MoreRhetoric and Group Stereotyping 1500 Words   |  6 Pagesbrought up in discussion, they are spoken of by stereotype. Stereotyping can be positive or negative. Stereotyping can cause people to make snap judgments of groups without having any actual facts about them (Moore Parker, 2007, p.122). Politicians, tattooed people, feminists, and senior citizens each have their own stereotype. This will be a look at each group’s stereotype and the language used in describing these groups; whether the stereotype is positive, negative, or both; whether all peopleRead MoreRacism, Ethnicity, And Age918 Words   |  4 Pagesor know. A stereotype is defined as making a generalization of a group of people based on the actions of a few. People will generalize you based on your race, religion, ethnicity, and age. Stereotyping someone based of their race is what people seem to do most. I see it a lot in my own community. African Americans in general are stereotyped to be uneducated, poor, and criminals. While there are many who fit the stereotype, there are many that rose above and are outstanding citizens. Being an AfricanRead MoreManaging Diversity Between Ethiopia And The United States Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pagesone works with employees that belong to different geographic locations or countries. In this report, the major focus is to analyze Ethiopia’s culture in terms of managing the workplace diversity while having the professional ties with the Ethiopian citizens. This report will highlight how the workplace diversity is managed by working with the natives of Ethiopia. Ethiopia and the United States (US) have very diverse demographics, so this report will analyze how the workplace diversity is better managedRead MorePersuasive Writing and Stereotypes976 Words   |  4 PagesI n this paper, we are going to examine the stereotypes used by others to define mostly what are of common or personal thoughts toward a certain group of people or a generalized characteristic that thought to be in a group’s type. â€Å"When a writer or speaker lumps a group of individuals together under one name or description, especially one that begins with the word â€Å"the† (the liberal, the Communist, the right-winger, the Jew, the Catholic, and so on), such labeling generally results in stereotyping†Read MoreCorrelation Between Age And Preference For Association With Individuals From A Age Group Or Bracket1497 Words   |  6 PagesOnce individuals attain a particular age when they are not self-supporting, a majority of families prefer to send them away to nursing homes and care facilities to live out the rest of their days. Old people are associated with a negative societal stereotype that have been there for a long time, for example, old women are associ ated with witchcraft or being witches. The inability of the older generation to cope with prevailing social and cultural trends makes them unsavory beings to be around and mostRead MoreA Look at Various Stereotypes Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneralization; an assignment of a negative or positive attribute or attributes to any group of people. It is a tool used to persuade others to a cause. Of the five AdChoices groups in the assignment, politicians are unique that they will readily stereotype one another in their quest for a vote or to influence voting. Watch CSPAN and see firsthand first class rhetorical analogy and definitions, all sorts of rhetorical devices such as dysphemism euphemism, slanting, stereotyping, even phony outrageRead MoreThe Developmental Stages Of Life1516 Words   |  7 Pagesor become lonely and isolated. To me, ageism is any type of discrimination towards a certain age group, and placing stereotypes that people should act a certain way because of their age. Age stereotyping was not something I was aware of before I took this class, but now I realize that I have stereotyped people based on their age a few times. A stereotype I had about senior citizens is that most of them are very caring, loving, wise, and happy. However, after taking this class, I realized the issuesRead MoreRhetoric and Stereotype Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesStereotype is a sweeping statement standardized image about a person or group with little or no evidence. The primary purpose is to hurt one’s feelings or to attack one’s character. Have you ever stereotyped someone or felt like you were being stereotyped against? How did being stereotyped affect you, or how did it make you feel once you got to know the person or persons? All kind of people make up our society. Within society, there are a massive amount of groups, most of which have been stereotypedRead MoreStereotypes in Advertising Essay877 Words   |  4 Pagesvolumes about the notion of aging. Some of these advertisements viewed again positively, showing that even at older ages people can be active and viewed quite popularly by public media. Unfortunately, other advertisements played on the negative stereotypes of aging and older adults specifically with the notion that as you age you are unable to fully take care of yourself. The first advertisement I found was from the AARP, showing a silver haired woman in a red gown. The tagline on the advertisement

How Violence Affects Society Essay - 711 Words

Compare the social, political, and economic characteristics of societies that either inhibit or promote collective violence. How does violence affect society? Give specific examples. Collective violence is almost an inevitable part of every society. It exists in different forms such as conflicts between nations, groups, group terrorism, and gang warfare. Everyday, thousands of people fall victims to these different forms of collective violence. Collective violence is defined as use of violence by people who associate themselves as members of a group against another group, in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives. Social, political and economic characteristics of a society play an important role in creating societies†¦show more content†¦Groups with less control of economic resources are likely to engage in violent conflicts with the group that control economic resources. Iraq is one of the good examples for a society that is continuously experiencing enormous amount of collective violence due to its political and economic characteristics. Saddams dictatorship was seen as infringement of basic human rights by world organizations and other countries. An example that everyone used to show the cruelty of the Saddam government was the Kurdish genocide. Saddam and other senior members of the government such as chemical Ali launched chemical weapons attacks that killed thousands of Kurds. This is one of the biggest examples of violations of human rights of citizens by their own government; some people even consider it as a second holocaust. The political system of Iraq and its enrichment with the most valuable economic resource, oil has always draws attention of other nations. Countries that wish to control the oil looked for reasons to launch attacks against Iraq and acquire its economic resources. This is the reason, why United States and Great Britain de cided to go to war against Iraq and overthrow Saddams government. The level of collective violence in Iraq has increased since the war started, innocent Iraqi people fall victims of collective violence on daily basis. The only difference is that before it was from Iraqs own government and now it is foreigners who are involved inShow MoreRelatedMy Interest Of Study Society1154 Words   |  5 Pageswhich affect us all in one way or another. As I realize the differences in society I am able to identify my interest of study society in general. According to the sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959), to truly understand people s behavior we must look outside those individuals and concentrate into the larger social environment in which they live, including personal history. To comprehend the sociological imagination is to understand the principles of personal troubles and public issues and how theyRead MoreDomestic Violence research proposal1573 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The purpose of this study is to see whether or not domestic violence causes a damaging affect on children. The study will included criminal justice students in College and the age range will be between 18 and 23 years old. The method is qualitative and will be an interview. Introduction Domestic violence can be defines as a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. AbuseRead MoreViolence in Sports1840 Words   |  7 PagesLevel 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where youRead MoreActs of Violence by American Youth: A Result of Culture, Media, and Capitalism776 Words   |  3 Pagesnames Course title and number Professors name Due date Acts of Violence by American Youth Research Paper Outline Thesis Statement: The proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. I. Introduction Juvenile Criminals Youth Violence A. Juvenile crime is not new. Juveniles have committed crimes for asRead MoreThe Impact of Media on Society853 Words   |  3 PagesHow much of an impact does the media have on your life? How many hours do you spend on the phone, watching television, or browsing the internet? Whether you choose to believe it or not, the media plays an enormous role in our everyday lives, and its impacts continues to stretch as technological advancements and other innovative creations come into place. One of the largest groups that the media affects, we fear is our children. As media continuously grows and undergoes changes, more and more childrenRead MoreMedia Violence Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media and how it Affects Society The effect of media is profound and far-reaching. All over the world, the media influences our values and intrudes upon our deep-seated ideologies and beliefs. Indeed the media has been a powerful force in influencing people’s perceptions, and more importantly, their behavior as well. Business, politicians, and showbiz personalities pay huge sums of money to media firms in order create an image or change an existing one. Politics in particularRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence Against Women On North American Society1663 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion: How do social norms contribute to the persistence of violence against women in North American society? Inter-disciplinary approach There are many factors that contribute to violence against women. There are obvious factors such as substance abuse by both the abused or the abuser that lead to violence. Cycles of poverty and the stresses that come with economic struggle are known factors in violence as well. Economic struggles inside and outside of the home are stresses and not only doesRead More Violence in Schools Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages As teachers, parents, and students prepare and begin this new school year, hopefully fears of school violence such as the bullying, slapping, punching, weapon use, and rape will not be their major concern. To top it all, what is School Violence? 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Essentially, this essay will t ry to communicate how the proliferation of violence committed by AmericanRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1694 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence involves and affects all the family women in general including pregnant women, men, children, including children with special needs, adolescents, teenagers, and even the animals are abused by humans. There is no way to stop or control domestic violence. It involves physical abuse by both men and women, hitting with objects and even when you push someone is an act of violence or abuse, when you hit your child is an act of abuse. The most affected in the family are the children because

Comparative law, characteristics of the islamic system Essay Example For Students

Comparative law, characteristics of the islamic system Essay Outline1 Comparative jurisprudence, features of the Islamic Law2 Beginnings: The Islam s history3 Shiites and Sunnis4 AGREGAR POR QUE SON MAS CONSERVADORES Y DAR EJEMPLOS5 Beginnings of Islamic Law6 Masters and revealed7 Koran8 Hadith9 Rationales and derived functions10 Idjma or Consensus11 Itjihad12 Features of Islamic Law13 Mover Al comienzo?14 Conflicts of Torahs15 Comparing Islamic jurisprudence16 With the Judaic jurisprudence17 With the canonical jurisprudence18 Islamic Law s rules19 Adaptation of the Islamic Law to the modern universe20 Custom21 Private conventions22 Ploies or legal fictions23 Rulers intercession24 Law in Islamic states and a current application25 Jihad or Holy war26 A PARTIR DE AQUI ES TODO RETOCADO POR JAVIER27 1 ) Equality28 2 ) Dress codification29 3 ) Female Circumcision30 4 ) Beating adult females31 -The Noble Quran says ( An-Nisaa 4:34 )32 The Lone Way to Beat.33 5 ) Muslim matrimonies34 6 ) Divorce35 The Nature of Allah s Commands ( The 5 actions )36 1 . Wajeb or Fardh ( Required, Obligatory ) :37 2. Mandoob ( Recommended ) :38 3. Mubah ( Permitted but Morally Indifferent ) :39 4. Makrooh ( Discouraged or Abominable ) :40 5. Haram ( Forbidden or Prohibited ) :41 Main differences between Shias and Sunnis.42 -Theological differences:43 -Practical Differences44 vitamin E Sunni Accusations against the Shia:45 ?Shiite Atitudes towards Sunnis and Wahhabis46 a Article BY GEERT WILDERS47 â€Å"I do nt detest Muslims, I hate Islam.† Geert Wilders Comparative jurisprudence, features of the Islamic Law The Islamic jurisprudence is an independent spiritual system of jurisprudence which is based chiefly on the Koran. Here, one can see one of the most of import points related with this jurisprudence: there is a difference between the ISLAMIC Law and the POSITIVE RIGHT of a state in which most of the population follows this faith. In fact, a dual legal power exists in states under Islamic jurisprudence. â€Å"Sharia† is an Arabic word which means â€Å"way† or â€Å"path† and is a term depicting the manner that every Muslim individual must follow. This term is in fact what they call the Islamic jurisprudence. This word could be applied to every spiritual system. In modern times, Islamic law has been related with the Muslim universe, but it besides applies to Judaism and the Torah, or Catholicism and the Ten Commandments. Sharia is therefore the legal model in which life is regulated. Muslim provinces are theocratic, so this text is jurisprudence itself. Presents, Islamic Law is one of the three most of import legal systems, the other two being the Gallic group ( Roman or civil jurisprudence ) and the common jurisprudence group. Within the last 50 or 60 old ages, provinces were founded within the Arabic universe, particularly after the Second World War when most of the boundary lines were set by foreign states. In most of these provinces a legal power job exists between the Islamic jurisprudence ( connected with the faith ) and the ability of the province to do its ain positive jurisprudence. Due to this duality, over the old ages assorted provinces have approached this job in different ways, to the extreme: from the Taliban in Afghanistan to Turkey, which is endeavoring to achieve a western legal system. In the center, one can happen as many replies to this duality as Muslim states exist. One of import and alone rule of this legal system is that the province can make new Torahs merely in the Fieldss which Allah had non revealed. Therefore, the jurisprudence is tied straight to the Muslim religion and merely Muslims can be charged within this legal model. Due to this rule, a job emerges for the authoritiess which have non-Muslims populating in their legal power because the spiritual jurisprudence could non be applied to them. It is because of this issue that in many states both public and private jurisprudence were set together in a new manner so that it could be applied to the full population, even to non Muslims. Beginnings: The Islam s history Harmonizing to Muslims, Sharia is founded on the instructions of Allah and expressions of Muhhamad as founded in the Quran and Sunnah. However it is necessary to cognize how the Arabic universe was before the IV century when Muhhamad makes his visual aspect around the twelvemonth 570 or 580 BC. This old universe did non cognize a cardinal political organisation but folks which were composed by relations. Each folk had a tribal leader and everybody reported straight to him. Most of these folks had a mobile life style but others settled down and gave origin to different metropoliss. Although they did non hold a community sense, every folk could acknowledge a common historical beginning, a civilization in which they based their beliefs or faith ; they were polytheists. Because of this beginning, leaders agreed in lodging some objects which represented their worship and worship in the same topographic point. They built a cubelike black house in the of import metropolis of Mecca: The Kaaba which would go the most sacred topographic point of the Islam. Every folk made a pilgrims journey each twelvemonth to this topographic point to adore the Kaaba, which is now a ritual taken literally for Muslims. Around the twelvemonth 570 or 580 BC the household in charge of watching over the Kaaba had a child who would be known as Muhammad. This adult male at the age of 12 took portion in a typical train among folks, metropoliss, etc, which allowed him to hold contact with Arabs, Jews, Catholics and so on. Back in his place metropolis Muhammad, around the age of 40, claimed that Allah had revealed to him the last and unequivocal Torahs for the people. It would nt be either a interruption nor a rejection of the Old and the New Testament but the last 1. This new faith was called ISLAM which means â€Å"to be a believer† and so far means Muslim. It took clip to acquire the message across to people. Many people, particularly the rich of Mecca, did non believe in it, so they pushed off Muhammad and his followings from Mecca. This prosecution of Muhammad came to be known as Hegira and this minute would be taken by Islam as the twelvemonth 0 subsequently on. Because of this rejection, Muhammad and his followings travelled through the desert boulder clay eventually they were accepted in a metropolis which would be called Medina ( Today Saudi Arabia ) , which means City of the Prophet. After Muhammad was accepted in Medina, he and his followings began to change over the people of Medina to follow his faith, altering the society by implementing a more centralised procedure. Equally long as Muhammad gave his message orally, there was no codification or jurisprudence which contained it. Due to this, the closest and wisest people started to compose down what the Prophet had said, and this is what is known as the QURAN. Another job which appeared at this clip was the issue of sequence because he had recognized no leader. This job led to the division of the Islamic universe into different schools of idea, which is a division that exists to this twenty-four hours. The most of import schools were: Shiites Sunnite: this is the most conservative and closest to Muhammad s behave. Shiites and Sunnis These schools of idea are the most of import 1s within the Islamic universe. The figure of followings of each one and the distribution among the states is difficult to specify. The background of this division is given by Muhammad s decease in 632. Since there were no instructions left for his sequence, these schools took choose different ways to follow, which are still held today. Over the old ages the relation between them has been marked by cooperation and struggle. â€Å"Sunnis† is a universe which comes from Sunnah or Prophet s behavior, which is the 2nd beginning of Islamic jurisprudence. Therefore, this is why they are more conservative. This school of jurisprudence held that Muhammad s replacement should be elected by the community as the Quran says and so far, the leaders of the community proposed Abu Bakr as the replacement and with the support of other groups, this calif took the leading of the Islamic community. On the other side, Shiites kept claiming their campaigner who was Ali, Muhammad s cousin. , was the appropriate replacement. They held that the Prophet had chosen Ali as his replacement when he was still alive. Ali was a leader in conflict and frequently entrusted with bid. Muhammad left him in charge of Medina when go forthing to change over Mecca. AGREGAR POR QUE SON MAS CONSERVADORES Y DAR EJEMPLOS Beginnings of Islamic Law Masters and revealed Koran The Islamic jurisprudence is based wholly on the Quran, and so is Moslem society. The Quran is the holy book of Islam and it contains every disclosure which Allah has given to Muhammad, the last prophesier. For Muslims, it has all the wisdom of the existence, non merely in the legal facet but in every facet of the life. Muslims must hold a entire entry to it. The Quran is non a codification itself because its legal demands are non plenty to be considered a existent codification. Additionally, some of the cardinal establishments of Islam do non look in it. It regulates people s lives and their relationships between themselves and with God. Furthermore, a justice of one of these states is non obligated to construe it but he must mention to the physicians who have studied and interpreted it before. In add-on, the justice may non construe the Quran but the actions of the individual. In its legal parts, which is less than 10 per centum of it, the Quran is non truly a tidy and systematic codification but about impossible to understand if one does non hold adequate cognition. It does hold some temperaments about condemnable jurisprudence, civil jurisprudence, etc. It contains besides the penalty for liquidators, treasonists, Islam s enemies and fornicators. Hadith Because the Quran was revealed in a comparatively short period, the little population which was following it had to cover with new state of affairss as this faith grew. In controversial instances, it was necessary to hold a expression in complementary beginnings. The Sunnah is one of these beginnings. It is the prophesier s tradition, his words, actions and silence. It is portion of the Sharia as the 2nd beginning behind the Quran. In this manner, when confronting a legal state of affairs without reply in the Quran, Judgess must construe prophesier s actions, expressions, silent consent and recognition of activities and statements. The justification can be found in the Koran when it commands every Moslem to follow Muhammad as an illustration. This beginning was the cause of the division between Muslims due to the fact that Shiites followed the reading made by Ali who was called Muhammad s replacement, and Sunnis did non take this reading and accepted others every bit good. Rationales and derived functions Idjma or Consensus This is the 3rd beginning of the Islamic jurisprudence and it is the consensus of the community. The idjma is legitimatized by many poetries in the Koran: â€Å"My followings will neer hold upon an mistake or what is wrong† â€Å"God s manus with the full community† which means that what community thinks it is good, so it is for Allah. Neither the Quran nor the Sunnah could work out every job or state of affairs in life, and so for work outing this inadequacy the Idjma developed this beginning. Obviously it is non expected that the whole society hold on all issues and that is why it is understood that this beginning references to the consensus of the physicians or wisest people within the community. Therefore, one can appreciate this difference of Islam in comparing to other legal systems- the construct of this legal usage which is a consensus of the people within the Islamic jurisprudence. For idjma to work, most of the population needs to hold the same usage to do it jurisprudence, every bit long as there is no jurisprudence which prohibits this fact. In the Islamic jurisprudence, the consensus is merely among the wisest people who give or have given their point of position confronting some fortunes. One of import point of this beginning is that Judgess must confer with the Idjma because it is the last and infallible reading of the original and revealed beginnings. Itjihad This is the last beginning within the Islamic jurisprudence and it is the attempt of the Cadi or justice for work outing a job when the reply for it can non be found within the old beginnings. In these instances the justice will see different facets of the issue and will do a concluding determination that can non be against the old beginnings but that can be founded in different external beginnings, as for illustration another legal system. The Itjihad is one more point of statement among the different Islamic schools due to the usage of external beginnings. The more conservative Muslims support the thought that every reply must be within Islamic beginnings, therefore they do non believe in the authorization of the Itjihad. Having the last point in head, it must be said that Sunnis accept one more beginning and it is the concluding through analogy or QUIYAS. They base their credence of this beginning in that every legal injunction guarantees a good aim. Eg: Quran prohibits vino because its elating power, so sunnis believe that every alcohol can be prohibited. Features of Islamic Law Mover Al comienzo? The fact that the Islamic jurisprudence has been consolidated during the Middle Ages explains some characteristics of the system, such as the antediluvian facet of some establishments, its mystique and the absence of systematising. It has been developing itself instance by instance. On the other manus, it is uneven in comparing with other legal systems. First of wholly, its base is a sanctum revealed book and because of this it must be considered wholly independent of the other legal systems due to the fact that they do non portion the same beginning. One really of import feature is that Islamic jurisprudence was born as a spiritual jurisprudence which did non separate between faith and authorities. For it both are the same and the governments are nil but its retainers. Therefore there is no authorization that could modify it in those facets. In the modern universe governments normally appeal to administrative ordinances to make Torahs which regulate those facets that the Quran does non wholly prohibit or bid but advice or condemn. Islamic jurisprudence says how a Muslim must act and who does non obey it is a evildoer. To clear up this point, it should be said that Islam has 5 sorts of actions and merely two of them are commanded or prohibited. The others are in the center and are disapprobation, advisable, or praiseworthy. In this manner, the individual who realizes an action which is a bid will be rewarded by God, and the individual that does the prohibited action will be punished by the cadi ( justice ) . Those people, who realize one of the other sorts of actions could be either penalize or condemned, rewarded. Another controversial point is truly close with the last one and it is about the extension of this jurisprudence. In theory Islamic jurisprudence can non be applied to non-Muslims but before stating that one should analyze all the fortunes of the environment. At a first position, it can be said that it does non use to those people who are non member of this faith and hence do non follow or make non even cognize its regulations. On the other manus, there are some fortunes under which Islamic jurisprudence governs over non-Muslims and the base of this is known as the Public Order. Public order aa public order offense is that behavior against the norms, societal values and imposts. These offenses do non hold a individual victim but instead the whole society as a group. Every individual could experience themselves affected by this attitude and so the State and justness system penalize them. Governments must care for society s public assistance and unity, and that is why they could non let people to travel on with this sort of Acts of the Apostless, because it could damage the cardinal right of every individual. Conflicts of Torahs Because of the old point, it is clear that struggles of Torahs appear invariably due to the fact that people are invariably traveling from state to state, and interacting with each other. In this context it is truly necessary to hold a clear apprehension of how this job can be solved, but there is non a existent reply. Each state deals with this issue otherwise. The application of the Islamic jurisprudence may make tenseness, particularly when regarded as household jurisprudence, but it is still possible. It is necessary to clear up that in this point merely private jurisprudence is considered every bit long as the public jurisprudence or province disposal can non be changed because of one individual and province s organisation is ever a public affair. It should be said that the German manner of nearing this issue is truly different to the other legal systems like the Anglo-American or the Roman 1. The anglo-american system looks at the most important relationship between the instance and the jurisprudence. Most of the states approach this job with the purpose of maintaining the public assistance of the people and every bit long as they do non upset the public order the foreign jurisprudence could be applied. From this we could state that in most of the states it is examined instance by instance. In the German jurisprudence, one could happen something truly new and original: the process is clearly detailed from the beginning. In Germany, in instances refering the countries of household jurisprudence and the sequence, the application of legal norms is frequently determined on the footing of nationality instead than legal residence. But in this instances in which the application is incompatible with the chief rules of German jurisprudence including the constitutional civil rights, German jurisprudence is so applied alternatively of the foreign one. Cases .. Comparing Islamic jurisprudence With the Judaic jurisprudence They are both similar, happening their chief look in the jurisprudence, developing themselves from the argument of their sanctum books and their readings. The chief difference is the political map of the Quran. While it defines the political organisation every bit good, the Torah does non hold any political map in Israel with the exclusion of the orthodoxies. With the canonical jurisprudence Both are the jurisprudence of a community of trusters but at the same clip they are rather different. Islamic jurisprudence takes portion of the faith in every item, it is revealed and that is why cipher could modify it. Who does non obey its regulations, is a evildoer and who discusses the solutions is a heretic. Catholicity had been propagated within a society with a high degree of civilisation and in which Law had a great prestigiousness. Due to this, canonical jurisprudence had non replaced the Romanic but affect merely people s moralss and moral. In add-on, it is non a revealed jurisprudence. Islamic Law s rules Islamic jurisprudence is the jurisprudence of Allah and every individual is taken every bit equal to others. Cipher is better or superior than the other with the exclusion of the Prophet and the calif as his replacement and as an indirect agent of God. External Threats That Face Coca Cola Commerce EssaySecond: are those called Fardhu Kifaya, which means corporate responsibilities, such as attending at funeral supplications, or commanding the good and prohibiting evil. If some member of the community did this responsibility in a manner that fulfils the end, so it is no longer obligatory on the remainder of the community to make it, and they are absolved from this responsibility. Those who perform this responsibility are the 1s who will be rewarded. If no 1 achieves this responsibility, so the whole community will be held accountable. 2. Mandoob ( Recommended ) : This hukm is besides called: mustahabb, masnoon, and nafl. Mandoob is any act that is recommended but non required. While there is no penalty for the disregard of responsibilities which are Mandoob, there is wages for executing them. The Mandoob or recommended Acts of the Apostless include excess supplications, fasting Monday and Thursday, praying sunat alfajr, charitable Acts of the Apostless, and pious workss of different sorts. Documenting minutess and debt among people is non obligatory but recommended in order to protect the rights of people and their heritages in instances of denial or forgetfulness. 3. Mubah ( Permitted but Morally Indifferent ) : This is besides called: jaez and halal ( lawful ) . Mubah is any act that is left to the personal determination and to single autonomy. Moslems can do the determination whether or non to execute any act that is considered Mubah. There is neither wages nor penalty for the public presentation or turning away of the Mubah. There is a regulation in Islamic jurisprudence that all things in their original or natural province are Mubah ( halal or lawful ) unless there is a ordinance of their prohibition because Allah said in the Quran: â€Å"He is who created for you all that is on Earth .† ( Quran, 2:29 ) Although there is neither wages for making mubah nor penalty for avoiding it, the purpose might turn a mubah act into a rewarding act. For illustration eating with the sincere purpose to beef up your organic structure so you can work more and assist your parents is an act of wages, because of the sincere purpose toward the parents. 4. Makrooh ( Discouraged or Abominable ) : An action that to avoid making is preferred than making it. One good illustration for this act would be divorce because for the Prophet Muhammad that is â€Å"The most detestable of allowable things in the sight of Allah.† However, for Acts of the Apostless of making makrooh there is no penalty, and for the turning away of these Acts of the Apostless there is wages. Another illustration: the Prophet Muhammad made it clear that it is makrooh to offer to purchase something for which another individual has made an offer to buy, or seeking to offer an battle to a adult female who was already engaged to another individual. Makrooh is the antonym of mandoob, intending that the neglecting of a mandoob act is discouraged and leads to a makrooh. 5. Haram ( Forbidden or Prohibited ) : It is besides called mahdoor. Haram is any act that is prohibited by the faith. These Acts of the Apostless are adhering by unequivocal cogent evidence in the Quran and Sunnah. For the public presentation of haram there is penalty and for the turning away of haram there is wages. Some illustrations of haram are killing, stealing, improper sexual activity or criminal conversation, imbibing intoxicant, and gaming. The forbidden Acts of the Apostless are clearly mentioned in Islam with the word of prohibition or other words similar in significance in the Arabic linguistic communication. An illustration is this poetry from the Quran: â€Å"Those who unjustly eat up the belongings of orphans, eat up a fire into their ain organic structures: they will shortly be digesting a blaze fire! † ( Quran, 4:10 ) By making what is haram or prohibited a individual is subjecting himself to punishment ; in this universe or in the afterlife. Specific penalties are prescribed punishments and are applied harmonizing to Islamic Divine jurisprudence, and can merely be performed by an Islamic tribunal with qualified Judgess. Harmonizing to the tradition of the Prophets, abstaining from haram is an act that deserves the wagess in the afterlife. Every Haram in Islam is prohibited, by the Quran and Sunnah, in order to procure benefits, the rights of people, to heighten the society, or to forestall injury. Haram or the prohibited are of two sorts: The first type is haram lidhatihi, intending that it is harmful itself, and it becomes out for the injury that is per se possessed. Harm will be inflicted on the user of such a thing. An illustration of this is found in the Quran, where Allah said: He has merely forbidden you to eat dead meat, and blood, and the flesh of swine ( Quran, 2:173 ) The same can be said about killing and stealing. Adultery, slaying, and larceny, are all forbidden for the same ground. The Second sort is haram lighayrihi or an act that is forbidden for a ground other than itself. This sort of haram is non harmful in itself, and might be really utile, but it is associated with something else that deprives it its value and turns it to haram. An illustration would be as follows: supplication is wajeb, but to pray in a house or on land that is taken illicitly and unlawfully from others make the supplication itself unacceptable. A contract of concern or sale that takes topographic point during the clip of the Friday congregational supplication is a haram of this sort, although sale and concern is non out, but during this specific clip it becomes haram lighayrihi. Here we have a tabular array that summarizes the five sort of actions: Main differences between Shias and Sunnis. Westerners perceivers frequently attribute fundamentalism to Shiites. However, Muslims in general do non see Shiites to be fundamentalist. They point alternatively to Wahhabis, a group of Sunnis who are cardinal in respects to the strictest reading of scriptural texts and the defense of praying to saints or beloved Sufi leaders. Of great importance is retrieving that it is merely the â€Å"One God† to which people may pray. Any other supplications are polytheistic and against the cardinal instruction of Islam. -Theological differences: On the one manus, the best known modern illustration of the Shia supreme Imam is the late Ayyatollah Khomeni. This Imam is impregnated with Pope-like infallibility and their spiritual hierarchy is non dissimilar in construction to that of the Catholic Church within Christianity. On the other manus, Sunni Islam, more closely resembles the infinite independent churches of American Protestantism. -Sunnis do non hold a formal clergy, merely bookmans and legal experts, who may offer non-binding sentiments. -Shias believe that their supreme Imam is a to the full religious usher, inheriting some of Muhammad s inspiration ( visible radiation ) . Their imaums are believed to be inerrable translators of jurisprudence and tradition. Shia divinity is distinguished by its glory of Ali. In Shia Islam there is a strong subject of martyrdom and agony, concentrating on deceases of Ali and, peculiarly, Hussein plus other of import figures in the Shia sequence. Shi`ism attracted other dissenting groups, particularly representatives of older non-Arab ( Mawali ) civilisations ( Iranian, Indian, etc. ) that felt they had non been treated reasonably by the Arab Muslims. However, there remain important differences between the two signifiers of Islam and these tend to be emphasized. Many Sunni s would postulate that Shias seem to take the basicss of Islam really much for granted, shunting them into the background and brooding on the martyrdoms of Ali and Hussein. This is best illustrated at Ashura when each eventide over a period of 10 yearss the Shias commemorate the Battle of Karbala, with a howling Imam floging the fold up into an aberrance of cryings and chest whipping. It is alleged that alternatively of missional work to non-Muslims, the Shia seaport a deep-rooted contempt towards Sunni Islam and prefer to give their attending to winning over other Moslems to their group. There is ongoing violent battle between Sunnis and Shias in Pakistan. On the other manus, in recent old ages at that place has been signification co-operation between the two groups in the Lebanon. And some of the most dynamic developments in Islam today are taking topographic point in Shia-dominated Iran. -Practical Differences On a practical degree, Shias have a different call to supplication, they perform wudu and salat otherwise including puting the brow onto a piece of hard-boiled clay from Karbala, non straight onto the supplication mat when bow downing. They besides tend to unite supplications, sometimes idolizing three times per twenty-four hours alternatively of five. The Shias besides have some different ahadith and prefer those narrated by Ali and Fatima to those related by other comrades of the Prophet. Because of her resistance to Ali, those narrated by Aisha count among the least favorite. Shia Islam besides permits muttah fixed-term impermanent matrimony which is now banned by the Sunnis. Muttah was originally permitted at the clip of the Prophet and is now being promoted in Iran by an improbable confederation of conservative churchmans and womens rightists, the latter group seeking to understate the compulsion with female virginity which is prevalent in both signifiers of Islam, indicating out that merely one of the Prophet s 13 married womans was a virgin when he married them. vitamin E Sunni Accusations against the Shia: Authoritative Sunni spiritual literature is full with averments sing the dissident nature of the Shia. Some of the more common claims against the Shiites are: The Shiite belief in Ali agreements him godly position, therefore beliing the primary dogma of Islam, the singularity of Allah. The Shiite philosophy of the infallibility ( ismah ) of the Imams places them as Nebiims along side or, as critics of the Shia claim, even above the Prophet Mohammad. Furthermore, Shiite beliefs in the ability of the Imams to mediate are seen as a clear contradiction of the conclusiveness of Muhammad. The Shiites have a Quran that includes poetries which are non in the Sunni Quran and that were forged in order to warrant Ali s right to sequence. In making so, the Shiites distort the Quran. It is besides claimed that the Shiites have forged Hadiths in order to warrant their philosophies. The Shiites revile the first Caliphs and the Companions of the Prophet who in their eyes usurped the Caliphate that truly belonged at that phase to Ali. The Shiites are libertines who allow impermanent matrimonies. The Shiites pattern deception and hence can non be trusted even when they propose reconciliation. There is so an official negative attitude towards the Shiites in Saudi Arabia promoted by the Wahhabi. The Wahhabi bookmans tend to subscribe to all the traditional unfavorable judgment of the Shiites, updating them with political content. The Shiites are accused non merely of spiritual divergence and unorthodoxy, but of perfidy against Arab Muslims. The Shiites are accused of moving against the history of Islam, intriguing to destruct the Ummah from indoors. The chief motives of these claims are: Shiism is an innovation of the Jews. Wahhabi disparagers of the Shia happen similarities between Shiite and Jewish or Zoroastrian imposts and beliefs. It is said that it was Abdullah bin Saba, a Jew who, feigning to be a Muslim, coined and propagated the Godhead right of Ali Bin Abi Talib to the Caliphate as the replacement to the prophesier Mohammed. The Shiites are a bad influence of non-Arab radical Iran inside the Arab universe. Shiite philosophy permits killing a Sunni. The Shiites are moving in agreement with a long-range program to tumble Sunni Islam and to take over the Holy Places in the Hijaz. The above motives are good expressed in the undermentioned recent anti-Shiite text from the pro-al-Qaeda web site, : â€Å"The menace posed by the Shia to the state is equal to the menace posed by the Jews and the Christians. They harbor the same ailment will against the state, which needs to protect itself from them and from being deceived by them† They pose a danger non merely to Iraq, but to the whole part. If the Shia have influence over Iraq, or if they obtain some sort of liberty in southern Iraq, they will be so much closer to widening their influence. After all, they exist in considerable Numberss in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. If these Shia get organized and if their enterprises get support from states that sponsor them â€Å" Iran, Syria, and Lebanon† it will intend that they have reached advanced phases in their 50-year program. We besides caution against those who advocate befriending the Shia. Such an attack can merely do farther injury to the state. To acquire near to the Shia is more unsafe than acquiring close to the Jews, because the animus of the Jews is good known, while the Shia make-believe and lead on the state. ?Shiite Atitudes towards Sunnis and Wahhabis The Shiite Hagiographas sing the Shiites-Sunnis struggle are mostly defensive. Traditional Shiite beliefs besides contain a figure of terrible charges against the Sunni bulk in Islam. These include accusals of Sunni perfidy against the 4th Caliph, the Imam Ali, imposts such as the combustion of images of the Caliph Omar, and in Iran, profoundly frozen feelings of cultural high quality toward the Arabs. These beliefs permeate Shiite texts and popular imagination. Nevertheless, traditional Shiite philosophies implicitly accept the Shiite position as a minority within Islam and refrain from places that would strive the Sunni-Shiite relationship to a point of no return, where the two would irrevocably divide into two faiths. An illustration of this restraint is the Shiite claim that two poetries that were originally sent down to the Prophet and turn out his pick of Ali as his replacement, were deleted from the canonical text of the Quran. Despite the claim, and despite the claim that the existent text of those poetries is known, no Shiite religious order has re-inserted them into its version of the Quran. It would look that both Shiites and Sunnis are cognizant that such an act would make two separate Bibles and even take to a concluding separation between two Islams. It besides may be interpreted as following the lead of Shiite tradition of entry to the stronger party until the return of the concealed Imam as the Mahdi and the exoneration of his trusters. One may claim that this in the eyes of traditional Shiite Islam is the illustration of the Imam Ali who accepted, for the interest of integrity, the first three Caliphs despite the fact that he knew that he had been the Prophet s pick, and of his boy Hassan who abdicated his claim to the Caliphate for the same grounds. Hence historically, Shiite animus towards the Sunni bulk of the Muslim universe has been much less fierce and widespread than its Sunni correlative and for the most portion it has been defensive, aimed at rebuting the Sunni charges and supporting the Shia against Wahhabi onslaughts. Some of the chief motives of the Shiite onslaughts on the Wahhabis are: Comparing the Wahhabis to the the religious order which, in the eyes of both Sunni and Shiite Islam exceeded the bounds and caused dreaded internal discord among the early Muslims. Some Shiite polemicists even find the Wahhabis worse than the Khawarij in that the former represents corruptness and internal discord ( fitna ) . Deductions that the Saudi Wahhabis are artless nomads, who after accepting Islam returned from the civilisation of al-Medina to the backward ingorance ( jahili ) of desert life. Asserting that the Wahhabis are the agents of western imperialism. The Saudi State serves the involvements of the Americans and the British ( and, of class, Israel ) in the Muslim universe. The Wahhabis ( Saudis ) even agreed to manus Palestine to the Jews. This is, in kernel, the Shiite version of the Sunni accusal mentioned above sing Judaic influences over the Shia. a Article BY GEERT WILDERS The undermentioned article is based in a recent declaration by a Dutch politician who was reticent with the Islamic faith and its imposts and reflects somehow the manner of thought of a small portion of Western perceivers. We wanted to do a contemplation about this issue because this adult male occupies a relevant place in the Dutch authorities and there must be some people that agree with his point of position: The infusion of this article was found in the undermentioned web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //ksanna.wordpress.com/2009/11/23/i-dont-hate-muslims-i-hate-islam-†-geert-wilders/ # more-196 â€Å"I do nt detest Muslims, I hate Islam.† Geert Wilders This article is about a European politician, who claims ‘to detest the Islam and calls the Koran a ‘fascist book , which should be outlawed in the Netherlands, like Adolf Hitler s â€Å"Mein Kampf† . Harmonizing to him â€Å"The book incites hatred and killing and hence has no topographic point in our legal order.† He calls the prophesier Mohammed ‘devil who would hold been hunted down as a terrorist these yearss. Besides he would wish to present a ˆ1000 a twelvemonth ( $ 1500 ) excise revenue enhancement on headscarf erosion. Geert Wilders is laminitis of the Dutch Freedom Party ( PVV ) , and he was voted politician of twelvemonth 2007 by the Dutch political imperativeness. Geert Wilders considers himself as a libertarian. He opposes the Dutch political system, because among other things they tolerate the ‘intolerants ( Muslims ) , the first article in the Dutch fundamental law, because it guarantees equality, which harmonizing to him should except Muslims, but stand out Christians, Jews and human traditions. He besides opposes the EU, because of its strong governmental influence, his enlargement undertakings ( Turkey ) and he wants to get rid of the European Parliament. Immigrates from non-western states should be banned for 5 old ages or paid to go forth the Netherlands. They besides should nt hold the right to vote. He besides wants to reunite Flanders and the Netherlands. He wants to use Israel s administrative detainment in the Netherlands, a pattern to a great extent criticized by human rights groups, which he calls ‘common sense . ‘We are all Israel. Israel is the West s first line of defence. Meanwhile he considers Islam as a backward faith. ‘Islam is the Trojan Horse in Europe. If we do non halt Islamification now, Eurabia and Netherabia will merely be a affair of clip. One century ago, there were about 50 Moslems in the Netherlands. Today, there are about 1 million Muslims in this state. Where will it stop? We are heading for the terminal of European and Dutch civilisation as we know it. He matches Islam to terrorist act. His purpose was â€Å"a argument about freedom of address and the menace of Islamisation of our Western societies , but his selfish behavior endangered Dutch soldiers and citizens and provoked and insulted Islamic states. Jordan has summoned Thornton wilders to judge, with the movie deemed to â€Å"incite hatred† . Al-Qaeda issued a call to slaying Thornton wilders after its release. He was besides polemically banned from come ining the United Kingdom between 12 February 2009 and 13 October 2009, with the Home Office sing his presence as a â€Å"threat to one of the cardinal involvements of society† . The prohibition was overturned after Wilders appealed. He visited the UK on October 16, 2009. He is besides indicted in his ain state. The cause is that in a democratic system, hatred address is considered so serious that it is in the general involvement to pull a clear line and that â€Å"The tribunal besides considers appropriate condemnable prosecution for dissing Muslim believers because of comparings between Islam and Nazism made by Wilders.†

Film adaptation of who is afraid of virginia woolf Essay Example

Film adaptation of who is afraid of virginia woolf Paper Comparative Literature goes beyond linguistic and national boundaries and provides broad international perspective on literary influences and analogies, themes, literary movements and literary genres and forms. It also studies the intersections of literature with other forms of cultural expression such as drama, visual arts, music, and film. Literary adaptation of films is one of the controversial realms of comparative literature and cinema studies. Studying literary adaptations broadens understanding f narratives In different forms, written on page and played on the screen. One of the mall discourses on film adaptation studies Is based on the notion of fidelity; whether the film Is faithful to the original text and conveys the same message or violates the messages of the original work. However it should be considered that fidelity is problematic in the matter that it does not take into consideration the medial differences that are essential to the transition from literature to film. This paper is a comparison between Edward Labels drama, Whos Afraid Of Virginia Wolf, and its 966 adaptation by Mike Nichols and aims to study if fidelity of the film to the messages and the spirit of the original textual source is achieved and whether the film employs the same tone, theme and plot as the drama. Edward Labels Whos Afraid Of Virginia Wolf was first performed In New York city in 1 962 and it was a success since Labels drama provided an Insight Into American life. We will write a custom essay sample on Film adaptation of who is afraid of virginia woolf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Film adaptation of who is afraid of virginia woolf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Film adaptation of who is afraid of virginia woolf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the sass, the public culture and the politicians put great emphasis on a happy family and the American Ideal successful family was considered the one with a house, car and kids. However, Label removes this false cover from the Ideal family and reveals the truth and problems beneath the surface. He shows that the public image of marriage that most couples project can be completely different from the private image. The coarse language and the sexual content of the play shocked the audience and with the Production Code of the time it seemed unlikely to be adapted for screen. However, due to changing attitudes of modern time there were private and public complaints against the Motion Picture Association of America (MAMA) and the Catholic Church, which strictly regulated and influenced the language, tone, and themes of American cinema from the mid-sass to the mid-sass. In 1966 Mike Nichols directed his film adaptation of Whos Afraid Of Virginia Wolf In Warner Brothers studio starring famous real-life couple, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton as Martha and George, Sandy Dennis and George Seal as Honey and Nick. At first the film was denied a with the approval of the film on the condition of minor censorship of certain blasphemous words and scenes and a special warning placed on all film advertisements indicating adult content. Is was the first film with such a label. In fact the film was granted the approval for its high quality,great cost and the studios adult classification. Valentine explained that, according to Warner Brothers, the films text was unalterable without some resorting, but in the future the Association was going to be stronger and tougher to get scripts, dialog, etc. , before a picture is completed and before a lot of money is invested (Leaf p. 12). But the code itself was reaching to its end. The Production Code posed some changes in the film for instance, the phrase screw you was replaced with God damn you in Marshs illegal to her husband Just as George opens the door to their guests. In Marshs dialogue to George in the yard of the roadhouse the word frigging was deleted although such a petty deletion seems to be too small to make the strong language of the film less offensive. Also Georges allusion to Jesus money Mary money in Get the Guests game is deleted for religious considerations. The scene of Marshs seduction of Nick was completely altered since according to The Production Code Administration (PICA) the sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall e upheld. Pictures shall not infer [sic] that low forms of sex relationship are the excepted or common things. (CTD. In Leaf, p. 9). The screenwriter, Ernest Lehman, dealt with the flirtation scene in variety of ways in several drafts and eventually the salacious dialogues and scenes were censored and the final draft depicted George standing in the yard looking up at Nick and Marshs shadows in the bedroom window. In transition from a textual art of drama to a visual art of film some changes are inevitable. Lehman extends a living room setting of the play to various locations n the film and presents the characters in different rooms of the house, in the yard, in the car, inside and outside the roadhouse. These changes were mostly due to visual variety. Although Lehman opens up the screenplay to some scenes outside the house, he is careful not to lose the sense of enclosure that George and Marshs small living room creates. For example, in the opening scene that Martha and George are walking home from the party the enclosure and isolation of the characters is supplied through visual effect pools of light- and sound effect- silence. Lehman also ads some action to support talk for example, when George and Martha get home, they do the usual things that everybody does like taking off the outer clothes, looking into the mirror, moving around the bathroom, the bedroom and the living room and the camera follows them with no restrict. In the scene in the yard when George talks to Nick, the fog and deep silence strengthen the anxiety which his stylized narrative conveys. Highpoint compares the stillness and restfulness of the yard with the tension inside and asserts that it offers a moment of relief for Nick before he is sent jack inside to play out his role in George and Marshs dangerous game. Linemans most important addition to the play is the roadhouse which divides into inside and outside of it. The inside of a roadhouse does not seem to be a suitable setting to reveal the secrets of the young couples marriage and Georges suppressed novel. Leaf suggests that the roadhouse adds little to either and an empty classroom building or Daddys greenhouse could have served better to deal with the idea of Although the scene inside the roadhouse does not seem to be appropriate as a setting, it works well to convince the audience why Nick and Honey remained with George and Martha to be played again. This question is raised in the drama but is not solved and the reader is kept puzzled. Lehman believed that after George accuses Nick of playing faculty beds to keep his status, Nick would get too offended to stay longer. So in the film Nick, angered, decides to leave, George simply gets his car to take their guests home. They arrive at the roadhouse and George continues his games. It is more convenience in Linemans draft than in Labels drama. Lehman includes two minor characters, the waiter and the waitress, in this scene which educes the dramatic tension that is present in the drama. Label depicts George and Marshs private verse fantasy lives but Linemans addition strengthens their private verse public lives in this scene. Although Lehman opens up the single-living room setting, the tension present in the drama is kept by using cinematographic techniques; the shakiness of a hand-held camera that follows the characters, tracking a face and different close-ups involves the viewer in the tension each character is experiencing; moreover, the camera catches George and Martha trapped in a space ar too small for their massive, twisted egos to maneuver in. (Highpoint). Black and white cinematography was used less often then but Nichols prefers it to reflect George and Marshs interior hell, anxiety of their souls and their tortured married life. The dark and gloomy atmosphere of the play is created through the lens of a black and white camera. Nichols took advantage of black and white cinematography to show the internal conflict of the characters and it was also the best choice to make Elizabeth Tailors make up more believable since she was almost twenty years younger than Martha. Furthermore, the use of shadows helps create a dreamlike state which strengthen the encounter between truth and illusion. The relationship between Martha and her father is ambiguous in the film because some dialogues related to her father have been omitted in the film. In the play Martha talks to the guests about her childhood when her mother died early and she grew up with her father. She says, l admired that guy! I absolutely worshiped him. I still do. And he was pretty fond of me, too you know? We had a real rapport going a real rapport. [ ]l was hostess for Daddy and I took care of him and It was very ice. (Label P. 52-53). Marshs soliloquy at the beginning of act three reveals more about her relationship with her father: Daddy? Daddy? Martha is abandon-deed. Left to her own vices at [Peers at a clock] something oclock in the old A. M. Daddy White- Mouse; do you really have red eyes? Do you? Let me see. Oho! You do! You do! Daddy, you have red eyes because you cry all the time, dont you, Daddy. Yes; you Lehman placed these dialogues in the screenplay and the film itself and to make the relationship more explicit he used a heart-shaped locket with Daddys picture in with which Martha played when she was talking about Daddy and their real rapport, she also peered at the picture in the locket in her soliloquy; hence, the locket was referred to symbolize Daddy. But then these scenes were eliminated because of time limitation and the effect of the locket remains unnoticed in the other scenes that the locket nervously ,which implies that she has to deny her father to accept George fully as her husband. At the end of the play, Label resolves the ambiguity through Georges dialogue: and on top of all that, poor weighed-down girl, PLUS a father who ally doesnt give a damn whether she lives or dies, who couldnt care less what happens to his only daughter. (P. 131). It is revealed that what Martha has told about her relationship with her father is only her illusion and what she wishes to be true. She has always been seeking her fathers attention and affection and she has done a great deal to satisfy her father since she was a kid. Marshs marrying with George is also partly because of satisfying her father whom she worships as a great successful man. Martha wishes her husband followed Daddy in profession but George fails to fulfill her wish, so she frequently compares disappointing George with Daddy and blames him for his failures. With deletion of above-mentioned dialogue the ambiguity in the relationship between Martha and Daddy remains unresolved in the film. Label provides different situations for George and Nick to have arguments about history and biology and through Georges attacks on Nicks profession and genetic engineering, criticizes the existing modern trend in science. However most of these dialogues have been deleted in the film, which upset Label since he believes the political message of the play has not been conveyed. The play was written during the Cold War, when communism was considered a great threat to the Western, democratic way of life which is symbolized by George, named after American president, George Washington. N the World War II the United States and The Soviet Union united against the Nazis and divided the capital of Germany, Berlin, into two halves, the East Berlin controlled by the soviet communists and the West Berlin under the power of American Democrats. Label admits that he has named Nick after Nikkei Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, to be a symbol of communism. The Americans life in democracy and individual l iberty was against the thought of Soviet communists who believed that the individuals should be readily ignored in favor of the whole nation. The communists optimistically believed that their system would take over the whole world, so Georges frequently calling Nick the wave of the future implies this communists hope to change the world. As an American Democrat, George is afraid of losing individual liberty as a result of genetics progress: There will be a certain loss of liberty, I imagine, as a result of this experiment but diversity will no longer be the goal. Cultures and races will eventually vanish the ants will take over the world. (P. 46). Georges reference to ants reflects the Americans view of a cooperative structure of communist society. As a historian, George is strongly opposed to the uniformity that such a structure would bring about and believes that the society will lose its glorious variety and unpredictability. L, and with me the the surprise, the multiplicity, the sea-changing rhythm of history, will be eliminated. There will be order and constancy and I am unalterably opposed to it. I will not give up Berlin! (P. 46). George mentions Berlin and directly references to Cold War tension but with the elimination of this dialogue and the other ones concerning the Cold War the audience would not feel the tension George feels and Label meant to be transferred. George argues with Nick: Youre the one! Youre the ones going to make all that trouble Making everyone the same, historian George is aware of the outcome of purification of human generation and his criticism of eugenics reminds the audience of the Holocaust which has not past more than two decades. He explains to Martha what the biologists like Nick do: Its very impel, Martha, this young man is working on a system whereby chromosomes can be altered Well, not all by himself ? he probably has one or two conspirators ? the genetic makeup of a sperm cell changed, reordered O order, actually For hair and eye color, stature, potency imagine Hairiness, features, health And mind. Most important Mind. All imbalances will be corrected, sifted out Propensity for various diseases will be gone, longevity assured. We will have a race of men Test- tube bred Incubator born Superb and sublime. (P. 45) George is listing the features of eugenic fitness and it is not surprising that he feels threatened since he knows that according to this list he is the imperfect the ugly, He unfit who does not belong to the ideal society. It is the emphasis of society on normalcy that creates the eugenic fitness features which brought about suppression of different forms of disability. Unlike Nick, George does not have an athletic body, is not blonde and good looking. He is a failure as a master of the history department and becoming the successor to the president of the college. Martha is also unfit since he fails to live up to the standards of an ideal woman in the society; she lacks the fertility which is an important item to be fit. Martha is discontent with her marriage since it was an attempt to find a suitable heir for her father: When youve made something, you want to pass it on, to somebody. So I was sort of on the lookout for Prospects with the new men. An heir apparent (P. 53) . She gets disappointed to have a successful life since George didnt have the stuff That he didnt have it in him! (P. 56). Nick and Honey who seemed to be an ideal couple at first turn out to be unfit as well. Honey who is afraid of being hurt due to child bearing takes medication to avoid pregnancy and probably aborted. Nick, a blonde athletic blue-eyed man, apparently seems to be fit but eventually is called impotent by Martha. He admits that his marriage to Honey was mostly due to her fathers wealth. Through Georges criticism of biology and his fears of its ability to create a race of identical test tube babies all like Nick, who can be so ruthless and ambitious that uses any means to progress even sleeping with faculty wives, Label reveals his worries of the absence of royalty in a frightening future created by science. This great anxiety is not fully transferred in the film for several deletions. Whos Afraid of Virginia Wolf? Is considered one of the most successful conversions of an American drama into picture. Despite minor eliminations from the play some of which are inevitable in transition from a textual source to a film the screenplay adaptation remains faithful to Labels drama and does not magnify the weaknesses and the strengths of the play. Nichols has kept the same tone and transferred most of the themes of the play with he help of cinematographic techniques.